High Schools Should Be Able to Sell Junk Food - 843 Words

High schools should be able to sell candy, chips and soft drink. If â€Å"variety is a spice of life† than why shouldn’t it apply to younger people? Recently schools have been taking into consideration depriving students of branded â€Å"unhealthy† foods in canteens such as candy, chips and lollies. They condemn junk food as the cause for obesity and believe that by banning it completely, the problem will disappear. Banning junk food from schools won’t change anything or stop people from being overweight completely. What label is put on unhealthy, where is the line drawn? There is a fine line between certain healthy and unhealthy foods; some could even be labelled as either. A hamburger for example generally contains meat, bread and salad. A†¦show more content†¦Another reason for child obesity is lack of exercise. In this day and age most children’s form of entertainment comes from a screen, whether it be Playstation, Wii, Xbox or even just their phones. Sure, people still attend sporting clubs and such but the amount of people who do has dropped dramatically in the last 20 years. Majority of people 20 years ago played outside games for their entertainment, getting the amount of exercise necessary to burn fat and be healthy. Students are mature enough to make their own choices and shouldn’t have to be sheltered. If they take away junk food, not only are they taking away kids freedom of choice but they are taking away their enjoyment too. A school in Seattle is considering relaxing it’s ban on unhealthy foods in high schools after the policy has cost them hundreds of thousands of dollars. Moreover, opponents of the ban say it’s not even accomplishing its mission of preventing kids from eating bad foods; as many students just go to milk bars to buy products they used to buy at vending machines. The revenues are down by more than $50,000 dollars a year which has caused the school to cut back on funding to a range of student activities, with poorer families unable to attend. A member of the board admitted â€Å"I think we went a little too far.†(www.seattletimes.com.)From this example it’s evident that while people believe strongly about banning junk food,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Junk Food935 Words   |  4 Pages Ban of Junk Foods Candy, chips, juice, and fries! Our favorite foods being snatched from our eyes. The topic of whether junk food should be banned or not in schools is becoming more controversial throughout the country. The government has enforced healthy nutritious meals for kids worldwide due to the rapid spread of child obesity. Junk food should not be banned in schools because junk food is not considered the number one cause of obesity, it can help build the school financially and studentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Junk Food In Schools771 Words   |  4 PagesWhy â€Å"Junk Food† should stay in school It’s been said in multiple states across America that the junk food sold in schools is causing many problems. Problems such as unhealthy habits, affecting the brain, and childhood obesity. The government and many school districts have done multiple things to reduce/stop the problem. They have done research dealing with the junk food and tried banning junk food, which many school districts did not continue with. Junk food should not be banned in schools becauseRead MoreLowering The Rate Of Diabetes Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagessugary foods at a young age. According to Rosemary Ferguson, a nutritionist, in the past 15 years the numbers of Americans diagnosed with diabetes has doubled to an estimate of 23.6 million. Since 2012, around 31.8 percent of children have been diagnosed either overweight or obese (â€Å"Obesity Rates †¦.†). Where students are getting unhealthy food is mostly in their school’s vending machines. It’s hard enough for parent s to guide their children’s food choices, and it is impossible if the schools areRead MoreJunk Food and Obesity1649 Words   |  7 PagesJunk Food and Obesity Junk food has become a controversial topic in society today, simply because of its role in obesity. People believe that cutting junk food completely out of your diet is the only solution to living a healthier lifestyle, but for many that seems nearly impossible. Junk food has an addictive quality to it that makes it so appealing. Companies design the flavors so that it is the right amount to be appetizing, but leaves the person eating it craving more. It is also more convenientRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic Of Obesity Essay2378 Words   |  10 Pagesobesity rate is exceedingly high and will continue to increase if nothing is done about it. Obesity is caused by an over consumption of unhealthy foods and unhealthy foods are foods that classified as being high in sugar, fat and sodium. Over eating/ drinking these products not only lead to obesity, but also type 2 diabetes. According to www.diabetes.org type two diabetes contributes to a variety of different health issues such as foot c omplication, kidney disease, high blood pressure, and strokesRead MorePutting A Tax On Junk Food Essay1927 Words   |  8 PagesThat have gone without, including paying for breakfast to be held in schools as kids won’t be getting a decent breakfast at home because their parents and guardians would be having to pay more for the food that they want. However, I personally don’t agree with this statement, putting a tax on junk food won’t necessarily eradicate the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemic from overconsuming junk foods, but it will reduce the consumption by a certain amount, however it’s something that’s not going toRead MorePutting A Tax On Junk Food Essay1943 Words   |  8 PagesThat has gone without, including paying for breakfast to be held in schools as kids won’t be getting a decent breakfast at home because their parents and guardians would have to pay more for the food that they want. However, I personally don’t agree with this statement, from my perspective, putting a tax on junk food won’t necessarily eradicate the obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemics from overconsuming junk foods, but it will reduce the consumption by a certain amount, however it’s something that’sRead MoreFast Food Is A Good Thing2783 Words   |  12 Pages fast food Fast food is a statement known to many, and it is food prepared quickly and served very fast. It seems like a good thing because in the hustle of life one will want things done quickly. In the microwave generation, the faster one gets something, the better. Though, there is a thought that may linger in one’s mind about the health. The food may be fast, and it is delicious but is it worth one s health? The advantages of fast food are less compared to the disadvantagesRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children872 Words   |  4 Pagescountry’s children. Schools should educate children about obesity and the consequences it has on their bodies. Overweight children are more common in today’s society because of the bad choices parents and schools make toward feeding their children. When the time comes to make healthy decisions, children can make bad choices because of the influences brought on by their environments. Children need to be taught how to eat h ealthy and perform more exercises. Since children are in school many hours a dayRead MoreIs It Irrational For Companies?2523 Words   |  11 PagesIs it Irrational for Companies to be Marketing to Children? Companies have been marketing to children for an abundant amount of years. Nevertheless, is it ethical for companies to be targeting children in order to sell their products? As a result, companies have been doing well economically from marketing to children, however, on the opposite side, marketing is affecting children emotionally and it has had a negative influence on their well-being/health. First off, marketing to children has become

The Ancient Egyptian Civilization - 1692 Words

The ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Over a period of three thousand years many kingdoms and dynasties came into power and many died away into oblivion. One thing that kept Egyptian’s works and memories alive were the scriptures they wrote. Today, from these scriptures written on the wall (or on papyrus) have helped Egyptologists to uncover the secrets and the lives of the ancient Egyptians. A major understanding we have from these scriptures and other uncovered paintings is ancient Egyptian’s perception of religion and science. For them religion was not different from science. They used religion to explain the various worldly and cosmological phenomena. All their cosmogonies came from explanations based on religion and Gods. Gods were used to explain the origins of Earth, creation and maintenance of cosmos, concept of time and the various earthly and universal phenomena like origin of mankind, sunrise, sunset, migrations of birds, the stars, and constellations. In this essay I will be using various examples from ancient Egyptian scriptures, paintings, and texts to illustrate the Egyptians perception of the cosmos. There is no one coherent source from where we can learn Egyptians concept of the universe. The Egyptians explanations about the universe changed from city to city. The three major cities were Heliopolis, Memphis, and Hermopolis. During the fifth dynasty Heliopolis was pronounced as the capital of the EgyptianShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptian Civilization : Ancient Civilization930 Words   |  4 PagesThe ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the oldest known civilizations in history. It is believed that the ancient Egyptian civilization, based in eastern North Africa, started around 3150 B.C., and survived until 31 B.C. In this ancient civilization, art was considered to be magical. Whether in the form of painting, sculpture, carving or script, art held the power to maintain universal orde r and grant immortal life by appealing to various gods to act on behalf of people, both in life and inRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Egyptian Civilization1403 Words   |  6 Pageswith the belief that ancient civilizations who were in constant contact with conflict and war could develop a more advanced system of law, bureaucracy, and market prices. By that logic, Mesopotamia would have been far more advanced than Egypt. For example, Mesopotamia frequented attacks from barbarians because of the lay of the land. They also had trouble controlling war between centers of industry due to the inevitable struggle with the course of the river. On the Egyptian side, the high levelsRead MoreThe Ancient Egyptian Civilization And The Egyptian Pyramids1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Ancient Egyptian civilization was one that lasted nearly thirty centuries, from around 3100 B.C. to 332 B.C. This is an impressive feat for any society to be able to conquer. In these thousands of years, the Pharaohs and their people were able to build structures of massive scale that rival the buildings built in the 21st century. The Egyptian Pyramids were not only massive, but they had extremely precise measurements that make them unfathomably impressive to anyone who understands the exactnessRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization847 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant to the people of Egypt that it influenced many aspects of their everyday lives. The version of the afterlife that the Egyptians believed in was very different from other religions and cultures. The immortality ideology is something that many cultures grappled with. The ancient Egyptian belief was the epitome of immortality ideology. Everything that the Egyptians did was influenced by the idea of an afterlife. This unique belief in the afterlife can be seen in Egypt’s many pieces of art andRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ancient Egyptian Civilizat ion The Ancient Egyptians society is what I think is the best civilization that ever lived. Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. From the great pyramids of the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrantRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization1495 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Egypt treated its women better than any of the other major civilizations of the ancient world† (Thompson). Over 6,000 years ago, the powerful civilization of Ancient Egypt began, lasting for almost 30 centuries. Ancient Egyptians treated their cats like royalty, used spells and animal flesh to heal almost anything (Napoli Balit). Most Importantly, the people of Ancient Egypt valued their polytheistic religion above everyth ing, they worked hard in order to get into the paradise of the afterlifeRead MoreThe Ancient Egyptian Civilization Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesare many civilizations in history that contributed to the rise of modern day society. All of the things that we see today have been in some way shape or form improved upon to stand the test of time. From the structures of buildings, religion and pyramids, to the influence of art, it all played a part. The ancient civilization of the Egyptians was one of the most significant and well known cultures to ever have existed and technology wise, they were light years ahead. The ancient Egyptians relied heavilyRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Civilization951 Words   |  4 Pages3400 BC, the rise of the civilization along the Nile river began what we know today as the reign of Egypt. As one of humanity s oldest civilizations, Ancient Egypt was responsible for the amalgamate out of the smaller cultures found along the Nile River and into the Nile Valley civilization, developing into the three stages of kingdoms over time. The Egyptians or the Nile Valley civilization got its name due to the proximity of the river Nile in Egypt. Rivers of the ancient world were vital to mankindRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Civilization902 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we think of ancient civilizations the first one that normally stands out is Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians were one of the very few that arose to civilization independently, and accomplished many impressive things along the way. The Egyptian civilization stretched along the lower reaches of the N ile River in Northeastern Africa. Religion was at the core of everything that the Egyptians were and they stood firm for what they believed in. Their religion was based on polytheism, which was the beliefRead MoreThe Rituals Of The Ancient Egyptian Civilization1725 Words   |  7 Pagespertaining to the ancient Egyptian civilization are both fascinating and the backbone for modern funeral practices today. The funerary culture of the ancient Egyptians show some of the earliest work in regards to the care of the deceased. While very little is known directly from the Egyptians themselves, Ancient Greeks, historians and the myriad of finds thanks to past and present archeology have helped shed light on the culture of embalming and death care practices. The ancient Egyptians lived life

What are the impacts of tourism in a selected region of the UK Free Essays

Tourism is the industry that looks after the needs and welfare of tourists and provides the things that help them travel to places where they can relax and enjoy themselves. I am studying both the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the Lake District because the Lake District is being overwhelmed with tourists each year but without the income that tourism generates the Lake District wouldn’t survive. The Lake District is one of 15 National Parks across the UK which has 2 main purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the impacts of tourism in a selected region of the UK? or any similar topic only for you Order Now – To enhance and preserve the natural beauty of the landscape. – To provide a place for recreation and enjoyment. A third aim is; – To protect the social and economic well being of people who live and/or work in the National Park. The positive impacts of tourism are associated with the economy and employment. Tourism can also start off a cycle known as the positive multiplier effect; the tourism industry locates in an area which provides jobs for locals. This gives workers more money to spend and so more local shops open and more jobs are created and so on and so on. But as well as positive impacts, there are also many negative impacts of tourism. The first is footpath erosion. This occurs when people (tourists in this case) are walking along a footpath, as they do they wear away the vegetation which loosens the soil and exposes the soil to the elements. Then when it rains the footpath becomes muddy and so people veer to the edges of the footpath to avoid the mud. The vegetation next to the path then becomes eroded until the footpath ends up like the picture above This is of course an extreme case but this footpath erosion literally ends up leaving a scar on the landscape. Since 1999 the National Trust has been trying to stop this happening by setting up a 10 year plan to repair and maintain the paths. This will cost an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.1 million of which à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.46 million has been donated by the Lottery Heritage Fund. This money will be spent on a number of different sustainable strategies like stone pitching. This is when local stone is buried into the ground to make footholds. Alternatively steps have been put on steep hillsides made from local stone so that they fit in with the rest of the natural landscape. The second negative impact of tourism is litter. When tourists visit the Lake District, some drop litter on the floor. People come to the Lake District to see the natural beauty of the countryside but are put off coming back because of the litter on the floor therefore the Lake District loses further income. Animals and their habitats are damaged because of pollution. Bins have been placed in many different areas of the Lake District, especially the honeypot sites to discourage this. Daily warden patrols have been set up to try to clean up any mess created. Conflict on Lake Windermere is another controversial issue in the Lake District. Since 1976 people have been worried about the disturbance of the peace on Lake Windermere by power boats etc. Surveys have revealed that on an average day there are 812 crafts on the water, of which 368 are speed boats. The reason for the conflict is that other lake users such as fishermen and canoeists want peaceful, safe conditions to undertake their leisure activities. Another concern is that the wake from speed boats is causing erosion along the banks of the lake. On the 29th March 2005 a 10 mph speed limit was introduced on the lake. This however did not benefit everyone because power boat enthusiasts had to find alternative locations to use and some local businesses (e.g. Jet Ski rental companies etc) had to modify their companies so they didn’t lose custom. I personally believe that we need to manage tourism in a sustainable way if we are to preserve the Lake District’s natural beauty for future generations. Strategies like the footpath maintenance may be extremely costly but in the future will benefit the Lake District’s economy and the people who live in and visit it. How to cite What are the impacts of tourism in a selected region of the UK?, Papers

Agricultural Scale and Corporate Agroholdings †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Agricultural Scale and Corporate Agroholdings. Answer: Introduction Milk production is known to be one of the most blooming rural businesses in Australia. There are numerous dairy farms in Australia that produce billions of liters of milk every year. However, in the recent times, due to modernization in industrial and production sector, the numbers of malls, supermarkets and other outlets for packed and processed foods including milk have tremendously increased. This has led into the deprivation of milk production and profit margin of many milk producing farms located in many parts of Australia. The following report is about the different issues that are faced by rural based milk producing farms and certain steps and actions that can be taken by them to deal with the issues. This has included different reasons that have led to the decrease in profit margins of milk farm owners. The farms owned by a fictitious producer named ArchiFarm have been considered for the study where the need for making production more efficient and cost effective has been foc used on. Moreover, the health monitoring process of cows and cattle in order to produce health and protein rich milk has been discuss along with the processes that are used in farm owned by ArchiFarm. Stakeholders and Drivers One of the most basic necessities of human in terms of food and nutrition is milk. The farms around any country have the objective of satisfying the dairy demands of that particular nation. The ArchiFarm has been involved into production of milk by automated machines from the cows. According to Cottle et al. (2016, p.389), all the stakeholders and responsible authorities have to work in coordination in order to make the production facilities work in a smooth manner. The major stakeholders and drivers of the milk production business are the Maintenance Operators, Transportation Departments and Contractors as well as Wholesale Contractors. In the Victoria based farm, that has strength of 2500 cows, has its own facilities for maintenance, care and documentations based services units. However, the other smaller production units consisting of 200 cows each located in New South Wales have to depend on external contractors to get the transportation, care and maintenance done. The overall process of milk production starting from milk extraction to refining, storage and export to different locations is a very expensive process that causes the profit margin to reduce by a significant value. In case of ArchiFarm, it has been observed that there is a scope to enhance the procedures at the workplaces starting from milking from the cows to transportation, where the processes can be made very cost effective. Moreover, this opportunity has been made use of by supermarkets and other stores that focus on selling packed and powdered milk at huge costs to earn tremendous profits that has made the functioning of dairy farms slowed down. As per Charmley et al. (2016, p.175), the catapulting of operations that are currently underperforming, it is very important to make the general public aware of the special facilities that a brand or company is providing and how it is beneficial for them. The farm owner is the main stakeholder of the dairy production business. Most of the profit is shared by the farm owners and the people working directly this department. The farm owner is responsible for the maintenance and operations of the mainstream milk production business. As stated by Wallach et al. (2017, p.47), the overall supervision of the work is done by farm owners. The ArchiFarm has been using the Precision Livestock farming for recording and financial calculations purposes. Moreover, the Precision Livestock Farming is also used to make every animal contribute towards better production of milk and its healthy living. In the modern time, the most significant challenge in front of the farm owners is to counter the threat that has originated due to the emergence of supermarkets and malls. Moreover, the lack of awareness among the general population has been one of the most important reasons about the people for not being able to know about the milk that be directly obtained from dairy farms. As mentioned by Nguyen et al. (2016, p.2854), advertising of products along with their benefits and positive factors of using pure dairy products. Hence, the management of ArchiFarm is currently planning for making the production efficient and reducing the overall cost. Maintenance Operators The maintenance department or the outside operators that take care of the maintenance in any particular farm are also among the major stakeholders that are involved in the operations of a dairy farm. The responsibility of maintenance operators is to ensure that the operations that are currently ongoing in the dairy farm locations are being carried in an ideal manner. Goulart et al. (2016, p.894) has opined that the cleanliness and looking after the infrastructure is being done as well as monitored by the maintenance operators. In addition, the health of cows and other cattle that are present in the farm is also looked after by the maintenance operator teams. This involves the regular checkup of animals for diseases and some other form of infections. The Maintenance teams at ArchiFarm are responsible for the testing of milk samples and keeping them separate as per their quality. In case anything unusual is detected in the milk samples that are produced, the cow is tested for any kind of disease or disorder. The quantity of milk along with its quality is constantly monitored for every individual cow. As described by Johnson and Wallach (2016, p.823), if a particular cow produces more than usual quantity of milk, the milk density decreases, which is not preferred by customers. If the milk quantity is less than the desired level of production, it is again a sign of degrading health of the cow. In order to ensure production of ideal milk, it is very important to focus on the food that is given to the cows. Apart from regular fodder like grass and other similar products, chocolates can be very helpful in making the cows produce better quality milk. The transportation departments are responsible for carrying the milk from dairy farms to authorized dealers and distributors. The farms located at both Victoria and New South Wales have signed contracts with outside suppliers to transport the milk to different locations and outlets. Currently, there are vehicles that use too much of fuel to cover certain distances. Hence, the ArchiFarm management is discussing over the fuel-efficient issue of the vehicles that seems to be a significant factor in the increase of overall cost of production. Wiedemann et al. (2016, p.886) has stated that the transportation vehicles need to be maintained regularly and should be replaced by new ones when old. In the current scenario, the role of the transportation department is to check that the operations are carried out is such a manner that the fuel consumption is lesser than its exiting value. Moreover, the ArchiFarm is planning to have its own autonomous department of transportation unlike its existing system of outsourcing. According to Rivero and Daim (2017, p.4318), having its own dedicated transportation department for any company is very beneficial as a huge amount of extra taxes and commission that is being paid to the outsourced business. Wholesale Contractors, Retailers, and Distributors Wholesale contractors are the people that purchase the milk in huge quantity and sell it further. The wholesaler is an important part of the Supply Chain and receives the products to be sold in wholesale from multiple producers. In the following case, the whole sale contractors receive most of their milk from ArchiFarm. In addition to the Wholesalers, the Retailers and Distributers are also very important part of the Supply chain as they have direct contacts with clients and customers (Taylor et al. 2016, p.599). In this particular case, it is being observes that the people are getting more attracted towards the different dairy products that are being manufactured and provided by contractors and manufacturers working with supermarkets. Hence, the involvement of retailers and distributors is very important in analyzing the reasons behind the inclination of people towards supermarket products. In addition, the different people that deal with direct clients and customers have to participate actively. The management of ArchiFarm along with all the associated distributors, retailers and wholesale contractors has decided to conduct a survey of people that prefer to have powdered milk over fresh milk and vice versa. Moreover, the reasons behind their preferences have been decided to be analyzed. Garnier et al. (2016, p.79) has cited that majority if the people get attracted towards the processed milks and other dairy products because of the looks and packaging. Moreover, the advertisements of products also play a very important role in making the products famous and preferable among customers as compared to fresh products. According to the Livestock Management, it is very important for the farm owners to look after the cattle in terms of their health and milk production. The Precise Livestock Farming methods are being popularly used by many farms around Australia. This includes the ArchiFarm too. The health levels and any sign of sickness are detected by some specialized sensors that are attached to the ears of the cows. These sensors make sure that the proper reading is given to the control and monitoring system related to temperature, pulse rate and blood flow pressure of the cows (Plunkett et al. 2017, p.187). In case, the cows are found with some infection and sickness, they are kept at separate cowsheds with some special care and attention. Proper maintenance of cattle is very essential to make the production more efficient and more deliverable as per the requirements. As per Taylor and Eckard (2016, p.489), the prevention of any disease by the veterinary doctors is a better and comparatively cheaper option than getting the cows treated when ill. Hence, an economic amount needs to be spent on the health care of cows in order to avoid the overall process more complicated and unnecessarily expensive. The breeding of cows is also very important so that the normal production of milk can be maintained. A cow should be made to deliver a calf once is a year in order to maintain the significant level of milk production. Milk Extraction The Milk extraction is done in the ArchiFarm with the usage of milk extracting machines. These machines are attached to the milk producing glands of cows and then the milk is sucked out of their body. The milk is then collected in a container and taken for further processing. The current procedure that is being used in milk extraction process does not include the testing of milk quality immediately after taking it out of the cows body. As opined by Jeyaruban et al. (2016, p.981), the milk processing needs to be immediately followed by the testing and purification process. As per the current process of milk extraction, it takes time for testing the milk and if any sample of milk is found to be infected or impure, a whole lot is rejected. This causes wastage of milk and as a result, the producers and farm owners have to either reduce their profit margin or have to increase the cost of their milk products. Hence, the management of ArchiFarm has decided that new systems will be installed in the milk extraction process. The Livestock Management principles and methods to detect any impurity in the milk will be used. As per Eady et al. (2016, p.221), there are machines that are used to extract milk as well as test the purity levels immediately. There is an inbuilt multi sensor device including lactometer that is attached with milk extraction apparatus. This helps the extracting workers and monitoring people to detect the purity level of milk instantly and reject the necessary amount in the early stage to avoid damage of huge quantity of milk. In order to ensure proper working of all the facilities at a dairy farm, it is very important to ensure that the supervision of all the works that are being carried out at the different workplaces are is done properly. As mentioned by Cerri et al. (2016, p.2598), the supervision of a dairy farm includes checking of cows health and keeping an eye on their milk production capacity. Moreover, the different aspects like cleanliness of cow sheds, looking after the infrastructure and quality of food given to the cows, medicine and other special care for the sick cows are some of the facilities that are supposed to be taken care of while they are ill. The supervision of all the work processes is properly taken care of at the ArchiFarm in an adequate manner. However, there are some amendments that are supposed to be made in the supervision techniques. The Precise Livestock Farming technology based devices are to be installed to the ears of the cattle. This gives early signals of all the possible internal details like blood pressure, body temperature and heart beats. Transportations through better means The transportation of milk from one location to other inside a country is a very complicated task as it needs to be done with utmost care and precision. As cited by East et al. (2016, p.7), there are some of the vehicles that have got very old and too bad for usage. The management has decided that these vehicles will be replaced and new vehicles will be inducted that has sufficient fuel efficient mileage. The cost that is spent on transportation of milk in a preserved container is very high that leads to the increase in production cost of the overall products. The new vehicles that have better fuel efficiency have to be I inducted in the transportation sector of this particular business. In addition, the discussion of initiating a self-chain for transportation that is autonomous from the different departments is under the process. Hence, it can be said that the implementation of Livestock Farming technologies in transportation is certainly going to enhance the efficiency of the milk that is produced in the dairy farms. The efficient Record keeping is very important so that the different parameters and aspects can be easily found and processed. Following are some of the records that are maintained at the control rooms of each monitoring team. Total number of cows at the Victoria Branch: 2,500 Total number of lactating cows: 2,100 Amount of milk produced by each cow in the farm every day on an average: 10 liters Hence total amount of milk that produced: 21,000 liters Cost of one liter of milk: 2.4 AUD Hence, Cost of total milk produced per day: 2.4 * 21,000 = 50,400 AUD Total expenses on facilities like transportation, storage, device calibration, testing per day Cow Food: 9,400 AUD Milk Extraction: 600 AUD Storage: 3,000 AUD Preservation: 1,000 AUD Transportation: 6,000 AUD Device Calibration: 400 AUD Average daily wages to all the workers: 6,000 AUD Total Expenses for everyday: 600 + 3,000 + 1,000 + 6,000 + 400 + 9,400 = 26,400 AUD Hence, daily profit for ArchiFarm: 50,400 26,400 = 24,000 AUD In case there are some cows that need medical attention, there will be separate expenses for the cows. Average cost for medical attention for one cow: 1,200 AUD Let us consider that there are 10 cows that are sick from the lot of lactating cows. Hence, reduction in milk production: 10 * 10 = 100 liters Expenses behind cows for medical attention: 1,200 * 10 = 12,000 Hence, reduction in production sale: 100 * 2.4 = 240 AUD Total reduction = 12,000 + 240 = 12,240 AUD Final value of daily profit in case there are 10 ill cows among the lactating cows: 24,000 12,240 = 11,760 AUD It can be seen that the profit margin has tremendously decreased from 24,000 AUD to just 11,760 AUD per day. These are the essential records that are kept using the Precise Livestock Farming software. The best thing about this technique of recordkeeping is that the only thing a user needs to do is to enter the data inside the required spaces (Wiedemann et al. 2016, p.128). The calculations are automatically done and the important notifications are automatically displayed on the screen Business Processes It has been observed in the above calculations that the deprivation in the health of cows lead to the reduction of milk production by a tremendous scale. Hence, the management of ArchiFarm has decided to monitor the health of cows using advanced methods of health monitoring of cattle. According to Hayes et al. (2016, p.906), there are certain techniques used in Precise Livestock Farming that can predict the condition of cows in the upcoming few days. This helps the farm owners to take precautionary steps to ensure that the cattles health is taken care of well before time so that the quality and quantity of milk is not hampered. The milk testing and preservation has to be very precisely done so that the different types of germs and bacteria that are present in milk can be removed. As per Greiner (2016, p.19), one of the most important process to do this is the pasteurization. In this particular process, milk is heated to its boiling temperature and then cooled down to just above its freezing point. This sudden change in the temperature and internal configuration of milk does not give the bacteria to reproduce. This further helps the process of preserving go smoother. If the milk is properly pasteurized, it is very easy for the workers to store it for a longer time and transport it to different locations around the country. Moreover, the different milk products can be made out of the pasteurized milk in a much easier manner than by any other means. Contract Supply and Dealing The most important part for enhancing the business as per the current scenario is the contract supply and dealing with other vendors. The different vendors that are associated with the ArchiFarm in terms of business and profits need to come together and study as well as analyze the market conditions very precisely. As stated by Young et al. (2016, p.827), the careful analysis of all the aspects that maneuver the market conditions make it very easy for the farm owners to predict the amount of sale that is likely to happen. In addition to this, the advertising of the fresh and pure milk products is also very important. This will help the common population know more about the different benefits that they are going to experience if they purchase milk from farms instead of supermarkets. The deals with contractors need to be made very carefully so that the terms and conditions of any contract are significantly in favor of both the parties. In order to ensure the sustainable growth of this business, it is very important for the management level authorities to find the areas that can possibly underperform along with their possible alternatives. This is an important part of the marketing strategy as this helps the owners, dealers and other stakeholders to analyze the risks and make their strategies flexible as per the requirements (Eady et al. 2016, p.227). Moreover, the cost effectiveness of the complete process can be ensured by reducing unnecessary wastage of funds in areas like using old vehicles, outdated machines and heavy software for operations. The ArchiFarm also needs to keep in mind the Livestock management techniques and fundamentals to maintain a sustainable growth to its organization. In addition, the company has to e very careful about the packaging and some possible discounts for ensuring that maximum possible customers are attracted towards their products. The manufacturing and selling of different varieties of milk products also needs to be done along with attractive packaging. This includes the making of cheese, butter, cottage cheese and many other attractive and healthy dairy products. The packaging should clearly mention all the ingredients used in making the products. Conclusion After the successful completion of the study, it can be said that the up gradation of the old techniques of cattle farming and milk production needs to be replaced by the new ones. The report has described the different things that can be used for making the profit margin grow without any kind of compromise in the quality of milk produced by any cow. This has included the different techniques that are likely to be used or are available as an option to be used by cattle farmers and dairy producers. The different stakeholders and drives that directly the firms have been mentioned here along the rules and responsibilities that are performed by them. This report has also included the different business factors and their profit margin on the overall business. The current scenario of the ArchiFarm has been talked about along with the proper alternatives that can be used for making the production more efficient as well as cost effective. The usage of Precise Livestock Farming has been done in order to ensure that the records are being kept in a properly organized manner. This has also included the different calculations related to the recordkeeping of cattle farms. Reference List Cerri, C.C., Moreira, C.S., Alves, P.A., Raucci, G.S., de Almeida Castigioni, B., Mello, F.F., Cerri, D.G.P. and Cerri, C.E.P., (2016). Assessing the carbon footprint of beef cattle in Brazil: a case study with 22 farms in the State of Mato Grosso. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112(4), pp.2593-2600. Charmley, E., Williams, S.R.O., Moate, P.J., Hegarty, R.S., Herd, R.M., Oddy, V.H., Reyenga, P., Staunton, K.M., Anderson, A. and Hannah, M.C., (2016). A universal equation to predict methane production of forage-fed cattle in Australia. Animal Production Science, 56(3), pp.169-180. Cottle, D., Eckard, R., Bray, S. and Sullivan, M., (2016). An evaluation of carbon offset supplementation options for beef production systems on coastal speargrass in central Queensland, Australia. Animal Production Science, 56(3), pp.385-392. Eady, S.J., Havard, G., Bray, S.G., Holmes, W. and Navarro, J., (2016). Down scaling to regional assessment of greenhouse gas emissions to enable consistency in accounting for emissions reduction projects and national inventory accounts for northern beef production in Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 38(3), pp.219-228. East, I.J., Martin, P.A.J., Langstaff, I., Iglesias, R.M., Sergeant, E.S.G. and Garner, M.G., (2016). Assessing the delay to detection and the size of the outbreak at the time of detection of incursions of foot and mouth disease in Australia. Preventive veterinary medicine, 123(2), pp.1-11. Garnier, J., Anglade, J., Benoit, M., Billen, G., Puech, T., Ramarson, A., Passy, P., Silvestre, M., Lassaletta, L., Trommenschlager, J.M. and Schott, C., (2016). Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin, France): past, present and future. Environmental Science Policy, 63(3), pp.76-90. Goulart, F.F., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., Boucher, D., Chappell, M.J., Fernandes, G.W., Scariot, A., da Silva, M.C., Oliveira, W., Neville, R. and Moore, J., (2016). Emissions from cattle farming in Brazil. Nature Climate Change, 6(10), pp.893-894. Greiner, R., (2016). Factors influencing farmers participation in contractual biodiversity conservation: a choice experiment with northern Australian pastoralists. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 60(1), pp.1-21. Hayes, B.J., Donoghue, K.A., Reich, C.M., Mason, B.A., Bird-Gardiner, T., Herd, R.M. and Arthur, P.F., (2016). Genomic heritabilities and genomic estimated breeding values for methane traits in Angus cattle. Journal of animal science, 94(3), pp.902-908. Jeyaruban, M.G., Johnston, D.J., Tier, B. and Graser, H.U., (2016). Genetic parameters for calving difficulty using complex genetic models in five beef breeds in Australia. Animal Production Science, 56(5), pp.927-933. Johnson, C.N. and Wallach, A.D., (2016). The virtuous circle: predator?friendly farming and ecological restoration in Australia. Restoration Ecology, 24(6), pp.821-826. Nguyen, T.T., Bowman, P.J., Haile-Mariam, M., Pryce, J.E. and Hayes, B.J., (2016). Genomic selection for tolerance to heat stress in Australian dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science, 99(4), pp.2849-2862. Plunkett, B., Duff, A., Kingwell, R. and Feldman, D., (2017). Australian agricultural scale and corporate agroholdings: environmental and climatic impacts. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 20(2), pp.187-190. Rivero, A.R.G. and Daim, T., (2017). Technology roadmap: Cattle farming sustainability in Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142(6), pp.4310-4326. Taylor, C. and Eckard, R., (2016). Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from three beef cattle herds in a corporate farming enterprise. Animal Production Science, 56(3), pp.482-494. Taylor, C.A., Harrison, M.T., Telfer, M. and Eckard, R., (2016). Modelled greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle grazing irrigated leucaena in northern Australia. Animal Production Science, 56(3), pp.594-604. Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D. and ONeill, A.J., (2017). Cattle mortality on a predator-friendly station in central Australia. Journal of Mammalogy, 98(1), pp.45-52. Wiedemann, S., McGahan, E., Murphy, C. and Yan, M., (2016). Resource use and environmental impacts from beef production in eastern Australia investigated using life cycle assessment. Animal Production Science, 56(5), pp.882-894. Wiedemann, S.G., Yan, M.J., Henry, B.K. and Murphy, C.M., (2016). Resource use and greenhouse gas emissions from three wool production regions in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 122(5), pp.121-132. Young, R., Cowie, A., Harden, S. and McLeod, R., (2016). Soil carbon and inferred net primary production in high-and low-intensity grazing systems on the New England Tableland, eastern Australia. Soil Research, 54(7), pp.824-839.

Shapiros Auto Wreck Interpretation Essays - Auto Wreck,

Shapiro's "Auto Wreck": Interpretation Philosophers have pondered the meaning of life and death since the beginning of time. There are many hypotheses. From reincarnation to Valhalla -- then on to heaven. There have been many proposed solutions. Yet no one fully understands dea th. In Shapiro's poem "Auto Wreck," he illustrates the irrationality of life for it can be taken away at any given time for no rational reason. Shapiro uses metaphors to emphasize the fantasy-like and wild setting of the auto wreck. The following is an excerpt taken from "Auto Wreck": "And down the dark one ruby flare Pulsing out red light like an artery." This statement contrasts the red light emitted from an ambulance to the blood of an artery. The idea that a light is spurted out like blood is abstract and bizarre. In addition to that metaphor, Shapiro writes: "One hangs lanterns on the wrecks that cling Emptying husks of locusts, to iron poles." This rhythmical sentence paints a picture of locusts, grass? hopper like creatures, clinging to a luscious green jungle of grass. Yet symbolically this jungle is the twisted, black, and crisp auto wreck. This depiction of the auto wreck is extravag ant and almost unreal. Using metaphors, Shapiro portrays the fantasy-like auto wreck in which wildness is indispensable. In addition to Shapiro's use of metaphorical phrases, he emphasizes the lack of comprehension of the on-lookers as a result of death's inconsistency with logic. Shapiro directly tells the reader, "We are deranged." The word "we" symbolizes u s, as a whole institution or better yet -- society. He goes on further to say, "Our throats were tight as tourniquets." By this he means that the on-lookers were stopped, almost speechless, as they gazed upon the wreckage contemplating the reason b ehind death. Finally, Shapiro writes: "We speak through sickly smiles and warn With the stubborn saw of common sense." What the writer is getting through is that the on-lookers attempted to rationalize the accident with their common sense. But their "common sense," or their logical reasoning ability, was being sawed upon as they continued to puzzle over death. Once again, the old age question of "What is the meaning of death?" was tackled at the scene of the auto wreck. Finally, Shapiro asks rhetorical questions which could never be answered by logical means. One question which Shapiro asks is "Who shall die [next]?" This question could never be answered for death strikes without cause but randomness. The second question Shapiro asks is "Who is innocent?" No one knows who is innocent. The driver might have been suicidal. Maybe he might not have. Who knows, for this is death that is being dealt with. These hard questions could not be reasoned with deductively. Only an irrational source such as an all-supreme and omniscient being could answer these questions. In death, there exists strictly irrational causes for the loss of life. Death is an eccentric jungle whose twisted, convoluted, and entangled vines represent the causes of death which can not be mapped out mathematically, but can be mapped o ut by the deranged explorer or sole creator of that jungle, both of whom are irrational persons in themselves.

Values in King Lear

Values in King Lear King Lear can be valued in different ways and for different reasons. The story of King Lear encompasses many different ideas and themes pertaining to the central and sub plots. Whilst there are many different ways of reading Shakespeare's King Lear there are three prevalent readings in which to observe the main idea's put across. These readings are a family reading, a nihilistic reading and a Christian reading. There are three main scenes wherein these readings are portrayed. Fundamental themes in King Lear include justice, authority versus chaos, reconciliation.A family reading focuses mainly on relationships between characters and the individual psyches in comparison with each other. King Lear starts his tragedy by trying to quantify the love of his three daughters " Which of you shall we say doth love us most. That we our largest bounty may extend.""Love is whatever you can still betray. Betrayal can only happen if you love."English: A cartoon version of King Lear by William...

AU-C 315 project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AU-C 315 project - Assignment Example Indeed, ExxonMobil Company focuses on refining and supply of fuels, lubricants, and other petroleum products through integrated, reliable, and efficient means. To achieve these objectives, the company adopts fundamental strategies that include developing its labor force at all levels across the globe. The company maximizes its profitability, identifies, and pursues all attractive perforations opportunities as well as investing in projects with superior returns and low cost. Indeed, the company’s strategy is to invest in new exploration, unconventional resource, expansions, and discoveries. ExxonMobil also seeks to offer high quality products and service to customers in an efficient and effective manner. The company guarantees maximum value to all its stakeholders including customers, employees, and shareholders. Nevertheless, in pursuing its business objectives through the defined strategies, ExxonMobil faces significant risks. The company requires executives who can execute its mandate in the uncertain and volatile oil industry (Thunderbird School of Global Management, 2015). The rise of resource nationalism, reduced oil prices, and increased instability in many oil-rich countries pose a great business risk to the company (Crooks, 2015). The company also faces a risk in i dentifying business opportunities with high uncertainty but high returns on investment. Exxon Mobil Corporation. (2015). Operations Integrity Management System. Retrieved from

Marketing mix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing mix - Coursework Example With the high level of obese cases in the country, there is a high demand of healthy foods. To address this, the supermarket has come up with the production of healthy foods. To make this come into a reality, the supermarket will go an extra mile to deliver high quality food products with minimal contents of sugar, fat and salt. According to scientific research, all these have been responsible for obesity. Therefore, by getting access to purely organic and chemical-free fresh food products, all our clients will feel satisfied. Meaning, they will not buy food from any other supplier, but consider At Eat Smart Supermarket as the best alternative in the market. Since the supermarket is targeting a larger market, it will be incumbent upon the management to ensure a proper distribution of its products. For all the potential clients to be accessed wherever they are there needs to be an even distribution. This will be done by establishing distribution points in different parts of the country. These include grocery stores and a chain of supermarkets. If it is properly done, the clients will have confidence in the supermarket and its products. Once the supermarket resorts to even distribution of its food products, it will definitely appeal to potential clients. As a result, they will not wait for supplies from other competing firms, but buy the readily available commodities from its outlets. The other important tool to employ by the supermarket is pricing mix. As a matter of fact, price is one of the factors which determine the success of a new product in the market. Since the market is free for everyone, each and every player needs to come up with competitive prices. This is necessary because it can help in attracting clients and making some profit. In this regard, as a new player in the market, Eat Smart Supermarket will have to set reasonably fair prices. Meaning, they should be

Patient centred care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patient centred care - Essay Example But as time has passed by increasing the number of patients many times amongst the system, centre of attention has not been a patient's personal health care rather then saving the system itself. Patient-centered care helps in bringing patients voice to the center of the health care system. It is responsive to the individual patient's preferences, needs and values. It ensures that the patient's voice your voice guides all clinical decisions. Patient centeredness is becoming a widely used, but poorly understood, concept in medical practice. It may be most commonly understood for what it is nottechnology centered, doctor centered, hospital centered, disease centered. Definitions of patient centered care seek to make the implicit in patient care explicit. Such definitions are, we recognize, oversimplifications which help in teaching and research but fail to capture the indivisible whole of a healing relationship. Perhaps qualitative research comes closer to conveying the qualities of such care. What is Patient Centered Care Do patients need and do doctors really practice it What are its benefits We will focus it through these two questions.

Theoretical Analysis of the Banking Crisis

Theoretical Analysis of the Banking Crisis Crisis in the banking sector The current crisis and the Great Depression Theories and the crises: Several theories exist connected to the financial crises that have happened since the banking system was established. Some of them tried to explain the reasons and the origin of them however none of these theories could provide an acceptable solution how to prevent the crisis. To determine the continuity in the timeline and the spread of the crisis it was not enough to create just an economic comparison. The analysts set some mathematical and other type of model to investigate the behavior of the market. The two mostly accepted models of banking panics are the Diamond and Dybvig model and the Calomiris and Kahn model. These models were set in the 1990s as the reflection of the systematic banking crisis since 1970.Both of the two theories were accepted the fact that the banks liabilities are more liquid than its assets. In the Diamond and Dybvig model they set a hypothetical world without the banking system. The banks make contract to transform its illiquid assets.( Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review Vol. 24, No. 1, winter 2000, pp. 14-23, Dybvig: Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity).The problems with the contract is that it doesnt include any risk-sharing option. The deposit insurance is the only way to reduce the risk because its decrease the ability of the bank to transform its assets. The asymmetric information affects the liquidity demand. The final conclusion of this model is that the bank run is triggered only because patient agents believe.†This result is a self-fulfilling prophecy (panic): Because patient agents expect other patient agents to withdraw their funds early, they do the same. As a consequence too many funds are actually withdrawn, which otherwise would have not been the case. (Banking and Finance /Banking Crises.ppt/2008.12.03)† The Calomiris and Kahn model basis is the Diamond and Dybvig model, but it is more complex (Charles W. Calomiris, Charles M. Kahn, â€Å"The Role of Demandable Debt in Structuring Optimal Banking Arrangements† in American Economic Review, Vol. 81, 1991). They introduced one other potential option that the banks follow a risky behavior and put their investors money into risky projects. Because the asymmetric information the investors dont know about this step. Then, two possible things can happen; the project turns out well or not. If the project turns out negatively the bank starts to invest again. In the model the depositors can purchase information, but if is shows a negative indicator they withdraw their money. If there are a huge number of the depositors who want to withdraw the bank has serious liquidity problems and the bank panic starts. The only possible solution, according to this model, is to increase monitoring in the banking sector and strengthen the regulation to avoid moral hazard. I. The Great Depression 1. The beginning of the Great Depression (1928-30) The history of the Great Depression is important to analyze the main aspect of the crisis. From May of 1928 the stock market rise continuously and the average stock price increased because the FED raised its discount rate, and saw the stock market was booming and the stock price doubled, as excessive speculation. They tried to resolve this by increased monetary policy to raise interest rate and a new deflationary policy was introduced. As a consequence, a huge financial bubble evolved. In October 22, 1929 New York Times published an article; â€Å"Fisher Says Prices of Stocks Are Low†. (The 1929 Stock Market: Irving Fisher Was Right, Ellen R. Mc Grattan p.1) Then, two days later the stock market went crashing and the stock prices had fallen by 30 %: According to Irving Fisher the problem was that the people have been speculating on the small margins. It was not that the stock market was too high, but the people so enthusiastic to making money that they properly expected to mak e. It created debts because the people bought stocks on borrowed money. The politicians issued optimistic predictions to prevent the selling panic in the U.S. market (The causes of the 1929 stock market crash, Harold Bierman).The secretary of the Treasury, Andrew W. Melon stated: â€Å"There is no cause to worry. The high tide of prosperity will continue†. The stock market did come back in the middle of 1930, more than half of the stock that has been decline as been reversed. People thought it was over recession turned into something different. The agriculture sector stocks continued to decline. This regressive tendency was intensive not only because the Great Depression. Massive overproduction started in the European agricultural production sector after the World War I to recover the lack of the agricultural goods. To increase the legislative protection of the domestic farmers the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of June 1930 raised U.S. import tariffs (U.S Department of State, http://future.state.gov/). The Smoot-Hawley Tariff declined the international trust and cooperation and caused some problems in international trade. As a result of market crush bank collapsed from October 1930 until March 1933 by this time over a third of Americans bank was out of business. It continued to decline by mid 1932, the stock had declined to 10% their value in the peak 1929 and the increase in this in uncertainty from unsettled business conditions created by economic contraction made adverse selection and moral hazard problem worse in credit market. (The great crash, 1929, John Kenneth Galbraith) There was reduction in the number of intermediation due to loss of one-third of banks. This only increases adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Funds to firm with productive investment opportunities were greatly decreased due to this problem. In some sectors like manufacturing sector the production fell dramatically which was the basis of the Firms wage rates cuts. The level of price fell by 25% in the period of 1930-1933. Debt deflation was triggered in which net worth fell C:Documents and SettingsJudyAsztalunemploymen t.gifbecause of the increase burden of indebtedness borne on the firm. One sector problems affected the others. Millions of people lost their jobs. In the period of 1900-1947 two types of unemployment were made. These researches were developed the data set for the civilian labor force and for the Non-farm employees. (Historical unemployment in relation to today, A. Andrews)The employment rate declined by approximately 20% and the economic contraction and unemployment rose to 25 percent because of the decline in net worth. The result was more increase in adverse selection and moral hazard in the credit market. This was the worst ever experienced in the United States of America. 2. The FED This system was introduced to the public as economic stabilizer in 1913 to prevent further economic crisis although Federal Reserve System was totally passive during the Great Depression. In general, the Federal Reserve controls the interest rates and the money supply (inflation).The FED is controlled by its Board members and the majority of the twelve member Constitute the Federal Open Market Committee with five Reserve Bank The Fed not only supply the money to economy, it loans the money to them at interest. Besides, it regulates the value of the currency being issued. It should have acted as the last resort to lend as that its role. For the period of 1921-1929 the FED increased the money supply by 62% .The main reasons they did nothing was they never anticipated the negative of bank failure could have on money supply and economic activity. They thought a bank failure is as a consequence of poor bank management or bad banking practice. Small banks failures were the first to be affe cted in the bank panics in the early stages. And since the big city bank was the most influential they saw the failure of the small banks as complacency. Some suggested that political role might have played an important role in the passivity of the Federal Reserve System at that period. The New York Federal Reserve System was the most dominant force in the 1928, and it supported the Fed in open market purchase to lend money to the banks during the bank panics. This was opposed by other powerful member in the Federal Reserve System and the New York position was out voted. There were multiple causes and many theories about the origin of the Great Depression. According the monetarist theory the Crisis is the consequence of the lack of the FEDs policy making. The level of government influence on a bank varies from one country to another let say for example, in China the government regulation is very high probably the highest in the world and in United Kingdom the government regulation i s very low .It can be said that in the United Kingdom it high if we compare with the United State. So depending of which countries are comparing to another, government influence is usually different. 3. The economic decline (1930-32) Thanks to the Tariff Act the world market suffered a huge damage but, the act was not enough to recover the U.S. economy. People starting lose their jobs, homes and their confidence to the system and they take out their money from the banks and in the end they couldnt repay their loans. The continuous decline shows the effect in political elections in November 1930 when the representatives of the Republican Party lost their places in the Senate and their number and voting power reduced dramatically. In 1931 some new predictions appeared in the news which says that the depression would be over in the end of that year. During this year the deepening economic depression hit Europe and credit structures collapsed there. The media blamed United States for create this depression by cutting back on imports. Various conspiracy theories were voiced about the Soviet Union and some Biblical prophecy appeared too. In1932 a new presidential campaign started where Hoover and Roosevelt describe two different political aspects about the Depression. Hoovers economic aspect based on voluntarism and individualism, but the natural economic forces and the voluntary action by business groups couldnt work in the last 3 years. So his voters lost the trust in Hoover and he was easily beaten in the election (Burner David, Herbert Hoover: Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979). 4. The New Deal Roosevelt the new president was introduced a new program called the New Deal that contained social and economic reforms in 1933. He settled up new governmental agencies with the Glass-Steagall Act. â€Å"It gave tighter regulation of national banks to the Federal Reserve System; prohibited bank sales of securities; and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insures bank deposits with a pool of money appropriated from banks. (New York Times, http://topics.nytimes.com /topics/reference/ timestopics/subjects/g/glass_steagall_act_1933/index.html )â€Å" The senate tried to restore the peoples trust in the U.S financial system with the Glass-Steagell Act .It made a clear separation between the investment and the commercial banks .To handle the banks poor asset management Franklin Roosevelt declared a â€Å"bank holiday â€Å"as a result of bank panic in March 1933.The† bank holiday† regulated that the banks had to be until the governmental inspecto r investigation. The inspector after a monitoring process judged about the banks reopening. Another program was started namely in that time: the Agricultural Adjustment Act which helped to increase the income of the farmers. The overproduction created corps surplus and the government pay the farms, in the frame of this program, to leave the fields fallow and not to raise pigs and lambs. (Ronald Edsforth: The New Deal: Americas Response to the Great Depression, 2000) The Act aimed to raise the value of the corps, but few months later, natural disasters destroyed almost all the corps and the machinery. To help the farmers and teach them how to measure and reduce erosion the government established the Soil Conservation Service. This program stopped in 1936 when a new agricultural act had been accepted. The new regulation provides a possibility to the farmers to get federal subsidies. Besides of this, NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) had been accepted by the government to generate more jobs, strengthen the right of collective bargaining. The unemployment increased since the Great Depression had started. Based on this reason, they provided jobs in government projects such as work camps. Approximately two million people participated in this program until 1934. The unskilled workers got hard work like digging and railway repairs but they earned only a little money. National Labor Relations Act introduced new fair labor practices in 1935.The New Deal program had helped the US economy but didnt bring the end of the Great Depression. The roots of the economic problem came from the financial insecurity and the distribution of money, because the people on relief lived from one day to another (Bernardit Bellushit, The Failure of the NRA (1975)). The investors were afraid of buying sto cks and lose their money. The companies couldnt sell their new products because the people spent their money to food. The inventories were full and nobody wanted to produce more and that stopped the cycle of the economy. 5. The Second New Deal President Roosevelt decided to set a group of new economic and social measures and provided some legislative initiatives. The public and political forces lead the president to make some radical steps. . In 1936 Roosevelt won the election but the Americans wanted the government to take greater responsibility for the welfare of the nation. The Second New Deal as legislative program established some government controlled agencies and projects. He allocated billions of dollars to start and give a financial budget for the Work Progress Administration (WPA).Roosevelt nominated the social worker Harry Hopkins to be the head of the WPA. In its early years it focused on the construction programs such as build schools and government buildings. Attempt to the population of the United States it found that the one of every six people was unemployed and most of them was unskilled (http://www.u-shistory .com /pages /h1599.html). Unskilled laborers the forgotten man of past generation works at decen t wages. The nation was building and repairing schools, public buildings, community centers and airports to meet the changing needs of the modern world. In one project twelve hundred men were employed to improve bowling field and construct building hangers and administration buildings. In addition to the hundreds of the unskilled laborers, many skilled workers were employed in this improvement project. Hundreds of homes have been treated from bondage of property. In New York City WPA housing demolisher project was started which improved the families living conditions. In many other cities of the country old firetraps are being demolished to make way to modern buildings. Swimming pools and parks were constructed to make more public value to the community and remove the children from the streets. In many parts of the country nursery schools were established to where almost 10 thousand children got hot meals, supervised train activities. In these projects employment has been provided 6 00 hundred teachers nurses dieticians and cooks. More than 300 thousand adults learned to read and write first time in their life and started to learn foreign languages from native teachers. In cooperation with the national youth administration 26500 young man and women were employed as instructors laboratory assistants and clerical helpers.( Historical unemployment in relation to today, A. Andrews) Clerical white -collar workers find employment at filling and checking important land records. As part of the program of rehabilitation of the conservation of human resources a number of household training school were established by WPA. In these school girls from relief families are prepared for domestic works. Health education is an important part of the WPA program in a number health centers in large cities teaches the proper care of the children and adults. In some cities sawing rooms were established to support the poor families with clothes. Another type of permanent construction was the community stadium as a representative a large group of project provides the public gatherings all over America. Hundreds of new bridges were constructed thousands of old bridges have been repaired and made safe. In Many cities the construction was undertaken with the cooperation of the public health agencies. The rapid growth of air traffic gives the opportunity to built modern airports and gives a job to thousand s to improve and repair the existing facilities. The increased air transportation also made necessary the development of hundreds of emergency landing fields. In cooperation with the local police departments in several cities automobile inspection stations were established to reduce the unsafe vehicles on the roads. Women who had the principle to support their families are paid for the work. And the product they made was distributed free to the families on relief (John Salmond, The New Deal: The National Level (1975). pp. 188-89). Many other type of employment was provided for women and other part-time jobs were provided in kitchen and in libraries and schools. As a result of some projects thousand of books and maps were translated. This program also contained training for adults t o learn tailoring. The financial support of the administration was enough to invest into more projects like Federal Writers Projects , Federal Theater Project, Federal Art Project, National youth Administration ,to generate more jobs for white-collar workers.â€Å"Because Harry Hopkins believed that the work provided by the WPA should match the skills of the unemployed, artists were employed to paint murals in public buildings, sculptors created park and battlefield monuments, and actors and musicians were paid to perform. These white-collar programs did not escape criticism and the term â€Å"boondoggling† was added to the English language to describe government projects of dubious merit.( Jim Crouch, The Works Progress Administration Eh. Encyclopedia(2004)). The WAP was a long program and finally was abandoned in 1943.Social security act created a new health insurance system based on employer and employee contributions, supported by taxes 6. The SWOT Analysis of the WPA SWOT Strengths: Weaknesses: Education to unskilled workers Started project didnt wanted Various types of jobs WPA as Financial â€Å"black hole† Provide part-time jobs Political influences Jobs for Artist and Black people and Women No ability to control the workers productivity Improve the health care system Opportunities : Threats: Starting more useful projects Instable economical environment Decreasing political aspects of the projects Living expenses increases, because import stop Strengthen the economy throughout projects Potential health problems, disease could stop projects Developing international export-import partnerships Other political parties critics-political intervention Support the banking act, provide more financial security The SWOT analysis is for compute the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of a sector or a company (Mehta, S. (2000) Marketing Strategy). It is used for strategic planning to create a way to the desired goal or objective. In this case it was decided to apply this technique to set a real picture about the Second New Deal through WPA. The main aim of the current analysis is not generate alternative strategies, but to summarize the situation of WPA and the critiques in 1930s.Starting with the strength of the WPA it can be seen that the group of different types of jobs were provided to a high-scale target area. People could achieve different skills by the WPAs trainings and educations, and they got motivation to learn and use their knowledge in long-term. There were several weaknesses of the program from the beginning. As a governmental project the WPA needed a huge financial background to work and in some cases they only waste the money. The critiques described that some part of the program was only started to get more votes. The real leaders of the WPA had no ability to control the workers productivity and their effectiveness. To mention some real threats the instable economic environment remained the same. The diseases could spread faster among the workers and it may stop many constructing projects and it may indicate more financial problems in the health care system. One of the most important opportunities was to prevent more political fight and decrease the obvious political aspects of the projects. It would have been useful if they could solve the import problems. The following table above contains the main strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. 6.1. The external factor analysis EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary) External Factors: Weight Ratings Weighted Score Opportunities: O1 Starting more projects 0,1 3 0,3 O2 Decreasing political aspects of the projects 0,2 4 0,8 O3 Strengthen the economy through projects 0,05 3 0,15 O4 Developing international export-import partnerships 0,1 2 0,2 O5 Support the banking act, provide more financial security 0,05 3 0,15 Threats: T1 Instable economical environment 0,2 4 0,8 T2 Living expenses increases, because import stop 0,1 3 0,3 T3 Potential health problems, disease could stop projects 0,05 2 0,1 T4 Other political parties critics-political intervention 0,15 3 0,45 Total Scores: 1 1,0-5,0 3,25 The SWOT table can be used to introduce three other type of analysis the EFAS, the IFAS and the SFAS. The External factor analysis and the internal factor analysis are calculated in a same way. The external factors (opportunities, threats) are used to show the economic background of the company or the sector. The elements of the SWOT table are the main factors of these tables. Every row contains weights and the rates and the multiplied result; the weighted score. The sum of every weight has to equal by 1, and the factors ratings should be between 1 and 5.The total score will be the sum of the weighted scores and it shows a real picture about the companys position. The company is in danger if the result is less 3,5 than. 6.2 The internal factor analysis IFAS(Internal Factor Analysis Summary ) Internal Factors: Weight Ratings Weighted Score Strenghts: Education to unskilled workers 0,15 3 0,45 Various types of jobs 0,15 4 0,6 Provide part-time jobs 0,1 3 0,3 Jobs for Artist and Black people and Women 0,2 2 0,4 Improve the health care system 0,1 3 0,3 Weaknesses: Started project didnt wanted 0,05 3 0,15 WPA as Financial â€Å"black hole† 0,05 2 0,1 Political influences 0,1 4 0,4 No ability to control the workers productivity 0,1 3 0,3 Total Scores: 1 1,0-5,0 3 If the result is more than 3,5, the company is in safe. The internal factors (Strengths, Weaknesses) are closely related to the object of the analysis. The internal strengths and weaknesses summarize the main topics the company has to deal with. The total score is 3 and this means that the company is not in safe and for a long -term basis the management has to handle the weaknesses to strengthen the company position in the market. SFAS(Strategic Factor Analysis Summary ) Factors: Weight Ratings Weighted Score Duration (in terms) S Strenghts: Short Medium Long S1 Education to unskilled workers 0,2 3 0,6 X S4 Jobs for Artist and Black people and Women 0,2 4 0,8 X W Weaknesses: W3 Political influences 0,15 4 0,6 X W4 No ability to control the workers productivity 0,1 2 0,2 X O Opportunities: O1 Starting more projects 0,05 5 0,25 X O2 Decreasing political aspects of the projects 0,05 1 0,05 X T Threats: T1 Instable economical environment 0,2 4 0,8 X T4 Other political parties critics-political intervention 0,05 3 0,15 X Total Scores: 1 1,0-5,0 3,45 6.3. The Strategic Factor Analysis Summary The Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (Business Policy and Strategy lecture SFAS power point presentation 2008.12.03) has an additional column, the duration that is separated into three different parts; long-term, medium-term, and short-term .The most important factors are listed here with weights and ratings to represent the main internal and external aspects of the WPA and to make a summary about the problems and possibilities. As a conclusion, based on the analysis listed below, the SFAS ‘s weighted score is 3,45.It means that the WPA could work in a long-term if the leadership could handle the problems. The WPA project stopped in 1944; therefore the main reasons did not connected to the internal factors, but only the externals. Some critiques had right the all the projects of WPA had only a political step to achieve more cotes in the elections. 7. The worlds reaction to the Great Depression (Theories) The world reacted in a several way to the Great depression and created a lot of theories how to solve the situation. The most famous reaction was the communism, fascism and the Keynesian theory. The fascism took place in Germany, Italy and it represented a highly centralized economy. The public construction programs provided jobs for unskilled labourers to built roads, work camps and military facilities. It increased the demography of the population, but the system was highly dictatorial. According to the statistics the unemployment rate decreased dramatically from 6 million to 0.2 million people.The Communism, as a highly bureaucratic and centralized system, was one of response to the Great Depression. It focused to fully employ the people in a strictly regulated obligatory way. The Keynesian theory: It states that the fully employment is needed, but only the intervention of the government can create this possibility. It can be long -term purpose of the existence of the government. The Keynesian theory changed the way of the thinking about the unemployment. The idea of the welfare state was another solution of the crisis. The education, the minimal guarantee of a job to every citizen is the basis of a welfare system. It guarantees the minimum wages and the minimum social and healthcare system. II. The Current Financial Crisis 1. The beginning of the Current Crisis The current financial crisis started in 2007, but it was not until the last quarter of 2008 .Firstly, this part of the thesis going to show how it all started, the causes and those who were affected by the crisis and how they are trying to deal with the crisis. Most of the people are pointing directly to real estate as the major cause of the current financial crisis even financial institutions that not directly involve with real estate are affected. It can be seen how the subprime mortgages and unscrupulous lenders has caused the unsustainable real estate bubble which began to collapse in 2006.There was increase in homeownership in the United State to about 5 million in little more than six years thanks to the increase in subprime lending. Within these six years constructions of new house sing units grew more but this housing bubble could not grow forever. In this period the price of house went so high and rent price went so low. When the price of housing began to decrease in the lat e 2006 to early 2007, many subprime borrowers had very hard time to make their payment. The housing bubble or the excesses of the subprime mortgage market became even more evident when subprime mortgage lender filed for bankruptcy. All the sectors like households, businesses (including financial institutions), and government are the main participants in the financial market and hit by the crisis. The secondly related financial groups are the surplus units provide funds and while the other group that enter the financial market to obtain fund are the deficit units. If market securities yield low returns why invest in it? Three factors can be seen to why it important to make investment in market securities these are, as we have said before the advantage to convert to cash rapidly so it can be substitute as cash. The second reason is that when a firm has excess cash let say for a month it can invest the excess cash in form of securities as not to hold too much cash in hand. The third reason is that when a firm know it going to pay a loan soon it gathers the money monthly to pay and this money could be invest in market securities before the loan is to be paid. As it have seen when the financial crisis started the public could see that the financial system is in a deep trouble some even call it recession because the stock market came crashing and lost almost 42% of it original price. Before the peak of the financial crisis the total world stock market worth $62.5 trillion and now it $36.6 trillion so it lost $25.9 trillion. Let compare the stock market of leading countries of one day and another day and see how it doing. STOCK MARKETS May 5 prev %chg SP 500 903.8 907.24 -0.38 Nasdaq Comp 1754.12 1763.56 -0.54 Dow Jones Ind 8410.65 8426.74 -0.19 FTSEurofirst 300 846.81 842.7 +0.49 DJ Euro Stoxx 50 2407.55 2419.53 -0.50 FTSE 100 4336.94 4243.22 +2.21 FTSE All-Share UK 2226.6 2174.64 +2.39 CAC 40 3225.0 3237.97 -0.40 Xetra Dax 4853.03 4902.45 -1.01 Nikkei (c) 8977.37 Hang Seng 16430.08 16381.05 +0.30 FTSE All World $ 153.46 153.19 +0.18 ( source New York Times May 5 2008) There was turmoil in the all over the international financial system due to the losses in the subprime mortgage in the mid-2007.This was wide spread global crisis even thus firm not associated with the mortgage firm. This made the financial institutions very nervous and the stock market got very weak. Between July 2007 and March 2008, there was a significantly drop in the price of shares in the large, small and investment bank. A Theoretical Analysis of the Banking Crisis Theoretical Analysis of the Banking Crisis Crisis in the banking sector The current crisis and the Great Depression Theories and the crises: Several theories exist connected to the financial crises that have happened since the banking system was established. Some of them tried to explain the reasons and the origin of them however none of these theories could provide an acceptable solution how to prevent the crisis. To determine the continuity in the timeline and the spread of the crisis it was not enough to create just an economic comparison. The analysts set some mathematical and other type of model to investigate the behavior of the market. The two mostly accepted models of banking panics are the Diamond and Dybvig model and the Calomiris and Kahn model. These models were set in the 1990s as the reflection of the systematic banking crisis since 1970.Both of the two theories were accepted the fact that the banks liabilities are more liquid than its assets. In the Diamond and Dybvig model they set a hypothetical world without the banking system. The banks make contract to transform its illiquid assets.( Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review Vol. 24, No. 1, winter 2000, pp. 14-23, Dybvig: Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity).The problems with the contract is that it doesnt include any risk-sharing option. The deposit insurance is the only way to reduce the risk because its decrease the ability of the bank to transform its assets. The asymmetric information affects the liquidity demand. The final conclusion of this model is that the bank run is triggered only because patient agents believe.†This result is a self-fulfilling prophecy (panic): Because patient agents expect other patient agents to withdraw their funds early, they do the same. As a consequence too many funds are actually withdrawn, which otherwise would have not been the case. (Banking and Finance /Banking Crises.ppt/2008.12.03)† The Calomiris and Kahn model basis is the Diamond and Dybvig model, but it is more complex (Charles W. Calomiris, Charles M. Kahn, â€Å"The Role of Demandable Debt in Structuring Optimal Banking Arrangements† in American Economic Review, Vol. 81, 1991). They introduced one other potential option that the banks follow a risky behavior and put their investors money into risky projects. Because the asymmetric information the investors dont know about this step. Then, two possible things can happen; the project turns out well or not. If the project turns out negatively the bank starts to invest again. In the model the depositors can purchase information, but if is shows a negative indicator they withdraw their money. If there are a huge number of the depositors who want to withdraw the bank has serious liquidity problems and the bank panic starts. The only possible solution, according to this model, is to increase monitoring in the banking sector and strengthen the regulation to avoid moral hazard. I. The Great Depression 1. The beginning of the Great Depression (1928-30) The history of the Great Depression is important to analyze the main aspect of the crisis. From May of 1928 the stock market rise continuously and the average stock price increased because the FED raised its discount rate, and saw the stock market was booming and the stock price doubled, as excessive speculation. They tried to resolve this by increased monetary policy to raise interest rate and a new deflationary policy was introduced. As a consequence, a huge financial bubble evolved. In October 22, 1929 New York Times published an article; â€Å"Fisher Says Prices of Stocks Are Low†. (The 1929 Stock Market: Irving Fisher Was Right, Ellen R. Mc Grattan p.1) Then, two days later the stock market went crashing and the stock prices had fallen by 30 %: According to Irving Fisher the problem was that the people have been speculating on the small margins. It was not that the stock market was too high, but the people so enthusiastic to making money that they properly expected to mak e. It created debts because the people bought stocks on borrowed money. The politicians issued optimistic predictions to prevent the selling panic in the U.S. market (The causes of the 1929 stock market crash, Harold Bierman).The secretary of the Treasury, Andrew W. Melon stated: â€Å"There is no cause to worry. The high tide of prosperity will continue†. The stock market did come back in the middle of 1930, more than half of the stock that has been decline as been reversed. People thought it was over recession turned into something different. The agriculture sector stocks continued to decline. This regressive tendency was intensive not only because the Great Depression. Massive overproduction started in the European agricultural production sector after the World War I to recover the lack of the agricultural goods. To increase the legislative protection of the domestic farmers the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of June 1930 raised U.S. import tariffs (U.S Department of State, http://future.state.gov/). The Smoot-Hawley Tariff declined the international trust and cooperation and caused some problems in international trade. As a result of market crush bank collapsed from October 1930 until March 1933 by this time over a third of Americans bank was out of business. It continued to decline by mid 1932, the stock had declined to 10% their value in the peak 1929 and the increase in this in uncertainty from unsettled business conditions created by economic contraction made adverse selection and moral hazard problem worse in credit market. (The great crash, 1929, John Kenneth Galbraith) There was reduction in the number of intermediation due to loss of one-third of banks. This only increases adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Funds to firm with productive investment opportunities were greatly decreased due to this problem. In some sectors like manufacturing sector the production fell dramatically which was the basis of the Firms wage rates cuts. The level of price fell by 25% in the period of 1930-1933. Debt deflation was triggered in which net worth fell C:Documents and SettingsJudyAsztalunemploymen t.gifbecause of the increase burden of indebtedness borne on the firm. One sector problems affected the others. Millions of people lost their jobs. In the period of 1900-1947 two types of unemployment were made. These researches were developed the data set for the civilian labor force and for the Non-farm employees. (Historical unemployment in relation to today, A. Andrews)The employment rate declined by approximately 20% and the economic contraction and unemployment rose to 25 percent because of the decline in net worth. The result was more increase in adverse selection and moral hazard in the credit market. This was the worst ever experienced in the United States of America. 2. The FED This system was introduced to the public as economic stabilizer in 1913 to prevent further economic crisis although Federal Reserve System was totally passive during the Great Depression. In general, the Federal Reserve controls the interest rates and the money supply (inflation).The FED is controlled by its Board members and the majority of the twelve member Constitute the Federal Open Market Committee with five Reserve Bank The Fed not only supply the money to economy, it loans the money to them at interest. Besides, it regulates the value of the currency being issued. It should have acted as the last resort to lend as that its role. For the period of 1921-1929 the FED increased the money supply by 62% .The main reasons they did nothing was they never anticipated the negative of bank failure could have on money supply and economic activity. They thought a bank failure is as a consequence of poor bank management or bad banking practice. Small banks failures were the first to be affe cted in the bank panics in the early stages. And since the big city bank was the most influential they saw the failure of the small banks as complacency. Some suggested that political role might have played an important role in the passivity of the Federal Reserve System at that period. The New York Federal Reserve System was the most dominant force in the 1928, and it supported the Fed in open market purchase to lend money to the banks during the bank panics. This was opposed by other powerful member in the Federal Reserve System and the New York position was out voted. There were multiple causes and many theories about the origin of the Great Depression. According the monetarist theory the Crisis is the consequence of the lack of the FEDs policy making. The level of government influence on a bank varies from one country to another let say for example, in China the government regulation is very high probably the highest in the world and in United Kingdom the government regulation i s very low .It can be said that in the United Kingdom it high if we compare with the United State. So depending of which countries are comparing to another, government influence is usually different. 3. The economic decline (1930-32) Thanks to the Tariff Act the world market suffered a huge damage but, the act was not enough to recover the U.S. economy. People starting lose their jobs, homes and their confidence to the system and they take out their money from the banks and in the end they couldnt repay their loans. The continuous decline shows the effect in political elections in November 1930 when the representatives of the Republican Party lost their places in the Senate and their number and voting power reduced dramatically. In 1931 some new predictions appeared in the news which says that the depression would be over in the end of that year. During this year the deepening economic depression hit Europe and credit structures collapsed there. The media blamed United States for create this depression by cutting back on imports. Various conspiracy theories were voiced about the Soviet Union and some Biblical prophecy appeared too. In1932 a new presidential campaign started where Hoover and Roosevelt describe two different political aspects about the Depression. Hoovers economic aspect based on voluntarism and individualism, but the natural economic forces and the voluntary action by business groups couldnt work in the last 3 years. So his voters lost the trust in Hoover and he was easily beaten in the election (Burner David, Herbert Hoover: Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979). 4. The New Deal Roosevelt the new president was introduced a new program called the New Deal that contained social and economic reforms in 1933. He settled up new governmental agencies with the Glass-Steagall Act. â€Å"It gave tighter regulation of national banks to the Federal Reserve System; prohibited bank sales of securities; and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insures bank deposits with a pool of money appropriated from banks. (New York Times, http://topics.nytimes.com /topics/reference/ timestopics/subjects/g/glass_steagall_act_1933/index.html )â€Å" The senate tried to restore the peoples trust in the U.S financial system with the Glass-Steagell Act .It made a clear separation between the investment and the commercial banks .To handle the banks poor asset management Franklin Roosevelt declared a â€Å"bank holiday â€Å"as a result of bank panic in March 1933.The† bank holiday† regulated that the banks had to be until the governmental inspecto r investigation. The inspector after a monitoring process judged about the banks reopening. Another program was started namely in that time: the Agricultural Adjustment Act which helped to increase the income of the farmers. The overproduction created corps surplus and the government pay the farms, in the frame of this program, to leave the fields fallow and not to raise pigs and lambs. (Ronald Edsforth: The New Deal: Americas Response to the Great Depression, 2000) The Act aimed to raise the value of the corps, but few months later, natural disasters destroyed almost all the corps and the machinery. To help the farmers and teach them how to measure and reduce erosion the government established the Soil Conservation Service. This program stopped in 1936 when a new agricultural act had been accepted. The new regulation provides a possibility to the farmers to get federal subsidies. Besides of this, NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) had been accepted by the government to generate more jobs, strengthen the right of collective bargaining. The unemployment increased since the Great Depression had started. Based on this reason, they provided jobs in government projects such as work camps. Approximately two million people participated in this program until 1934. The unskilled workers got hard work like digging and railway repairs but they earned only a little money. National Labor Relations Act introduced new fair labor practices in 1935.The New Deal program had helped the US economy but didnt bring the end of the Great Depression. The roots of the economic problem came from the financial insecurity and the distribution of money, because the people on relief lived from one day to another (Bernardit Bellushit, The Failure of the NRA (1975)). The investors were afraid of buying sto cks and lose their money. The companies couldnt sell their new products because the people spent their money to food. The inventories were full and nobody wanted to produce more and that stopped the cycle of the economy. 5. The Second New Deal President Roosevelt decided to set a group of new economic and social measures and provided some legislative initiatives. The public and political forces lead the president to make some radical steps. . In 1936 Roosevelt won the election but the Americans wanted the government to take greater responsibility for the welfare of the nation. The Second New Deal as legislative program established some government controlled agencies and projects. He allocated billions of dollars to start and give a financial budget for the Work Progress Administration (WPA).Roosevelt nominated the social worker Harry Hopkins to be the head of the WPA. In its early years it focused on the construction programs such as build schools and government buildings. Attempt to the population of the United States it found that the one of every six people was unemployed and most of them was unskilled (http://www.u-shistory .com /pages /h1599.html). Unskilled laborers the forgotten man of past generation works at decen t wages. The nation was building and repairing schools, public buildings, community centers and airports to meet the changing needs of the modern world. In one project twelve hundred men were employed to improve bowling field and construct building hangers and administration buildings. In addition to the hundreds of the unskilled laborers, many skilled workers were employed in this improvement project. Hundreds of homes have been treated from bondage of property. In New York City WPA housing demolisher project was started which improved the families living conditions. In many other cities of the country old firetraps are being demolished to make way to modern buildings. Swimming pools and parks were constructed to make more public value to the community and remove the children from the streets. In many parts of the country nursery schools were established to where almost 10 thousand children got hot meals, supervised train activities. In these projects employment has been provided 6 00 hundred teachers nurses dieticians and cooks. More than 300 thousand adults learned to read and write first time in their life and started to learn foreign languages from native teachers. In cooperation with the national youth administration 26500 young man and women were employed as instructors laboratory assistants and clerical helpers.( Historical unemployment in relation to today, A. Andrews) Clerical white -collar workers find employment at filling and checking important land records. As part of the program of rehabilitation of the conservation of human resources a number of household training school were established by WPA. In these school girls from relief families are prepared for domestic works. Health education is an important part of the WPA program in a number health centers in large cities teaches the proper care of the children and adults. In some cities sawing rooms were established to support the poor families with clothes. Another type of permanent construction was the community stadium as a representative a large group of project provides the public gatherings all over America. Hundreds of new bridges were constructed thousands of old bridges have been repaired and made safe. In Many cities the construction was undertaken with the cooperation of the public health agencies. The rapid growth of air traffic gives the opportunity to built modern airports and gives a job to thousand s to improve and repair the existing facilities. The increased air transportation also made necessary the development of hundreds of emergency landing fields. In cooperation with the local police departments in several cities automobile inspection stations were established to reduce the unsafe vehicles on the roads. Women who had the principle to support their families are paid for the work. And the product they made was distributed free to the families on relief (John Salmond, The New Deal: The National Level (1975). pp. 188-89). Many other type of employment was provided for women and other part-time jobs were provided in kitchen and in libraries and schools. As a result of some projects thousand of books and maps were translated. This program also contained training for adults t o learn tailoring. The financial support of the administration was enough to invest into more projects like Federal Writers Projects , Federal Theater Project, Federal Art Project, National youth Administration ,to generate more jobs for white-collar workers.â€Å"Because Harry Hopkins believed that the work provided by the WPA should match the skills of the unemployed, artists were employed to paint murals in public buildings, sculptors created park and battlefield monuments, and actors and musicians were paid to perform. These white-collar programs did not escape criticism and the term â€Å"boondoggling† was added to the English language to describe government projects of dubious merit.( Jim Crouch, The Works Progress Administration Eh. Encyclopedia(2004)). The WAP was a long program and finally was abandoned in 1943.Social security act created a new health insurance system based on employer and employee contributions, supported by taxes 6. The SWOT Analysis of the WPA SWOT Strengths: Weaknesses: Education to unskilled workers Started project didnt wanted Various types of jobs WPA as Financial â€Å"black hole† Provide part-time jobs Political influences Jobs for Artist and Black people and Women No ability to control the workers productivity Improve the health care system Opportunities : Threats: Starting more useful projects Instable economical environment Decreasing political aspects of the projects Living expenses increases, because import stop Strengthen the economy throughout projects Potential health problems, disease could stop projects Developing international export-import partnerships Other political parties critics-political intervention Support the banking act, provide more financial security The SWOT analysis is for compute the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of a sector or a company (Mehta, S. (2000) Marketing Strategy). It is used for strategic planning to create a way to the desired goal or objective. In this case it was decided to apply this technique to set a real picture about the Second New Deal through WPA. The main aim of the current analysis is not generate alternative strategies, but to summarize the situation of WPA and the critiques in 1930s.Starting with the strength of the WPA it can be seen that the group of different types of jobs were provided to a high-scale target area. People could achieve different skills by the WPAs trainings and educations, and they got motivation to learn and use their knowledge in long-term. There were several weaknesses of the program from the beginning. As a governmental project the WPA needed a huge financial background to work and in some cases they only waste the money. The critiques described that some part of the program was only started to get more votes. The real leaders of the WPA had no ability to control the workers productivity and their effectiveness. To mention some real threats the instable economic environment remained the same. The diseases could spread faster among the workers and it may stop many constructing projects and it may indicate more financial problems in the health care system. One of the most important opportunities was to prevent more political fight and decrease the obvious political aspects of the projects. It would have been useful if they could solve the import problems. The following table above contains the main strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. 6.1. The external factor analysis EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary) External Factors: Weight Ratings Weighted Score Opportunities: O1 Starting more projects 0,1 3 0,3 O2 Decreasing political aspects of the projects 0,2 4 0,8 O3 Strengthen the economy through projects 0,05 3 0,15 O4 Developing international export-import partnerships 0,1 2 0,2 O5 Support the banking act, provide more financial security 0,05 3 0,15 Threats: T1 Instable economical environment 0,2 4 0,8 T2 Living expenses increases, because import stop 0,1 3 0,3 T3 Potential health problems, disease could stop projects 0,05 2 0,1 T4 Other political parties critics-political intervention 0,15 3 0,45 Total Scores: 1 1,0-5,0 3,25 The SWOT table can be used to introduce three other type of analysis the EFAS, the IFAS and the SFAS. The External factor analysis and the internal factor analysis are calculated in a same way. The external factors (opportunities, threats) are used to show the economic background of the company or the sector. The elements of the SWOT table are the main factors of these tables. Every row contains weights and the rates and the multiplied result; the weighted score. The sum of every weight has to equal by 1, and the factors ratings should be between 1 and 5.The total score will be the sum of the weighted scores and it shows a real picture about the companys position. The company is in danger if the result is less 3,5 than. 6.2 The internal factor analysis IFAS(Internal Factor Analysis Summary ) Internal Factors: Weight Ratings Weighted Score Strenghts: Education to unskilled workers 0,15 3 0,45 Various types of jobs 0,15 4 0,6 Provide part-time jobs 0,1 3 0,3 Jobs for Artist and Black people and Women 0,2 2 0,4 Improve the health care system 0,1 3 0,3 Weaknesses: Started project didnt wanted 0,05 3 0,15 WPA as Financial â€Å"black hole† 0,05 2 0,1 Political influences 0,1 4 0,4 No ability to control the workers productivity 0,1 3 0,3 Total Scores: 1 1,0-5,0 3 If the result is more than 3,5, the company is in safe. The internal factors (Strengths, Weaknesses) are closely related to the object of the analysis. The internal strengths and weaknesses summarize the main topics the company has to deal with. The total score is 3 and this means that the company is not in safe and for a long -term basis the management has to handle the weaknesses to strengthen the company position in the market. SFAS(Strategic Factor Analysis Summary ) Factors: Weight Ratings Weighted Score Duration (in terms) S Strenghts: Short Medium Long S1 Education to unskilled workers 0,2 3 0,6 X S4 Jobs for Artist and Black people and Women 0,2 4 0,8 X W Weaknesses: W3 Political influences 0,15 4 0,6 X W4 No ability to control the workers productivity 0,1 2 0,2 X O Opportunities: O1 Starting more projects 0,05 5 0,25 X O2 Decreasing political aspects of the projects 0,05 1 0,05 X T Threats: T1 Instable economical environment 0,2 4 0,8 X T4 Other political parties critics-political intervention 0,05 3 0,15 X Total Scores: 1 1,0-5,0 3,45 6.3. The Strategic Factor Analysis Summary The Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (Business Policy and Strategy lecture SFAS power point presentation 2008.12.03) has an additional column, the duration that is separated into three different parts; long-term, medium-term, and short-term .The most important factors are listed here with weights and ratings to represent the main internal and external aspects of the WPA and to make a summary about the problems and possibilities. As a conclusion, based on the analysis listed below, the SFAS ‘s weighted score is 3,45.It means that the WPA could work in a long-term if the leadership could handle the problems. The WPA project stopped in 1944; therefore the main reasons did not connected to the internal factors, but only the externals. Some critiques had right the all the projects of WPA had only a political step to achieve more cotes in the elections. 7. The worlds reaction to the Great Depression (Theories) The world reacted in a several way to the Great depression and created a lot of theories how to solve the situation. The most famous reaction was the communism, fascism and the Keynesian theory. The fascism took place in Germany, Italy and it represented a highly centralized economy. The public construction programs provided jobs for unskilled labourers to built roads, work camps and military facilities. It increased the demography of the population, but the system was highly dictatorial. According to the statistics the unemployment rate decreased dramatically from 6 million to 0.2 million people.The Communism, as a highly bureaucratic and centralized system, was one of response to the Great Depression. It focused to fully employ the people in a strictly regulated obligatory way. The Keynesian theory: It states that the fully employment is needed, but only the intervention of the government can create this possibility. It can be long -term purpose of the existence of the government. The Keynesian theory changed the way of the thinking about the unemployment. The idea of the welfare state was another solution of the crisis. The education, the minimal guarantee of a job to every citizen is the basis of a welfare system. It guarantees the minimum wages and the minimum social and healthcare system. II. The Current Financial Crisis 1. The beginning of the Current Crisis The current financial crisis started in 2007, but it was not until the last quarter of 2008 .Firstly, this part of the thesis going to show how it all started, the causes and those who were affected by the crisis and how they are trying to deal with the crisis. Most of the people are pointing directly to real estate as the major cause of the current financial crisis even financial institutions that not directly involve with real estate are affected. It can be seen how the subprime mortgages and unscrupulous lenders has caused the unsustainable real estate bubble which began to collapse in 2006.There was increase in homeownership in the United State to about 5 million in little more than six years thanks to the increase in subprime lending. Within these six years constructions of new house sing units grew more but this housing bubble could not grow forever. In this period the price of house went so high and rent price went so low. When the price of housing began to decrease in the lat e 2006 to early 2007, many subprime borrowers had very hard time to make their payment. The housing bubble or the excesses of the subprime mortgage market became even more evident when subprime mortgage lender filed for bankruptcy. All the sectors like households, businesses (including financial institutions), and government are the main participants in the financial market and hit by the crisis. The secondly related financial groups are the surplus units provide funds and while the other group that enter the financial market to obtain fund are the deficit units. If market securities yield low returns why invest in it? Three factors can be seen to why it important to make investment in market securities these are, as we have said before the advantage to convert to cash rapidly so it can be substitute as cash. The second reason is that when a firm has excess cash let say for a month it can invest the excess cash in form of securities as not to hold too much cash in hand. The third reason is that when a firm know it going to pay a loan soon it gathers the money monthly to pay and this money could be invest in market securities before the loan is to be paid. As it have seen when the financial crisis started the public could see that the financial system is in a deep trouble some even call it recession because the stock market came crashing and lost almost 42% of it original price. Before the peak of the financial crisis the total world stock market worth $62.5 trillion and now it $36.6 trillion so it lost $25.9 trillion. Let compare the stock market of leading countries of one day and another day and see how it doing. STOCK MARKETS May 5 prev %chg SP 500 903.8 907.24 -0.38 Nasdaq Comp 1754.12 1763.56 -0.54 Dow Jones Ind 8410.65 8426.74 -0.19 FTSEurofirst 300 846.81 842.7 +0.49 DJ Euro Stoxx 50 2407.55 2419.53 -0.50 FTSE 100 4336.94 4243.22 +2.21 FTSE All-Share UK 2226.6 2174.64 +2.39 CAC 40 3225.0 3237.97 -0.40 Xetra Dax 4853.03 4902.45 -1.01 Nikkei (c) 8977.37 Hang Seng 16430.08 16381.05 +0.30 FTSE All World $ 153.46 153.19 +0.18 ( source New York Times May 5 2008) There was turmoil in the all over the international financial system due to the losses in the subprime mortgage in the mid-2007.This was wide spread global crisis even thus firm not associated with the mortgage firm. This made the financial institutions very nervous and the stock market got very weak. Between July 2007 and March 2008, there was a significantly drop in the price of shares in the large, small and investment bank. A